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Gyro rate unit
A gyroscope was attached, via mechanical linkage, to an optical monocular sight to form the gyro rate unit or GRU. Gyroscopes, when spinning, keep their spin axes pointed in a given direction if they are undisturbed. As the cross-hairs of the optical sight are kept centred on the moving aircraft the mechanical linkage will pull the gyroscope in the direction of the aircraft movement. The force required to move the gyroscope is proportional to the observed target movement across the line of sight. This force was measured by the deflection of a spring-loaded device and the deflection measurement was combined with rangefinder, and/or, radar measured target range and altitude in a specialized computer, the ''gyro rate unit box'' (GRUB).
==History==
The Royal Navy, after World War I, became increasingly concerned with the threat posed by aerial attack. In 1930 the RN began equipping ships with the High Angle Control System, a non-tachymetric anti-aircraft fire control system, that would compute the gun laying orders and the time fuze setting of the anti-aircraft guns, to hit the target. The HACS marks I through IV depended upon the control officer inputting to the computer〔In RN parlance, a computer was referred to as a ''table''.〕 an estimated aircraft direction, and speed, which was combined with range and height measurement from an optical coincidence rangefinder to permit the computer to form a solution.〔Weapon Control in the Royal Navy 1935-45, Pout, from ''The Application of Radar and other Electronic Systems in the Royal Navy in WW2'', (Kingsley-editor)〕 The control officer would estimate target speed based upon aircraft type, while target direction could only be crudely measured by aligning the graticule of his binoculars with the aircraft fuselage. Unfortunately, these estimates of target speed and direction were often in error, and it took time for the HACS to correct these estimates through a feedback loop from the director to the computer, thus delaying the generation of a correct fire control solution and reducing the accuracy of the resulting gunfire.〔Weapon Control in the Royal Navy 1935-45, Pout〕 In the 1930s the Royal Navy began to investigate the possibility of combining gyroscopes with optical sights to directly and accurately measure target aircraft speed and direction.〔Weapon Control in the Royal Navy 1935-45, Pout〕 and began development of the GRU in 1937.〔''British Battleships of World War Two'', Raven & Roberts, p378: ''"The design of this last item, known as the GRU was begun in 1937, and was intended for use in the HACS, although it was also fitted in pom-pom and barrage directors. By means of a gyroscope, it could measure vertical and lateral movements of a target which, when provided with radar ranging, provided a fast and accurate system of fire-control".''〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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